Since the creation in 1994 of the Partnership for Peace program, NATO has engaged many Caspian countries in the program’s defense reform activities. The result has been growing engagement between the Alliance and Caspian states which are concurrently among the world’s more important oil and gas producers. This presents a geopolitical dilemma for the Russian Federation and real problems for the Alliance and its Caspian partners where security cooperation not energy competition should dominate the agenda.